1. What made the Filipino insurrection "far different than any conflict in which Americans had previously fought"?
What made the Filipino insurrection "far different than any conflict in which Americans had previously fought" was that tensions between America and the Phillipines had been rising for months. The Filipinos just assumed that they'd be granted independence after they broke away from Spain but the U.S soldiers were commanded to establish control over these islands. The Filipinos believed they were fighting for their freedom.
2. Why were African-Americans among the strongest critics of the war against the Filipino nationalists?
African Americans were among the strongest critics of the war against the Filipino nationalists because they were upset by the way the United States racially viewed the Filipinos. The US officers were so arrogant that they usually just referred to the Filipinos as blacks, and in the Phillipines africans were treated as Filipinos.
3. Why did the United States lose its appetite for imperialism in the early 1900s?
The United States lost its appetite for imperialism in the early 1900s because scholars warned that imperialism would increase war & worldly conflict which was the last thing the United States wanted.
4. How did the United States contribute to the development of Cuba and Puerto Rico?
The United States contributed to the development of Cuba and Puerto Rico by giving them American technology & administrative expertise, roads & telegraph lines, reorganizing finances, building schools, bettering sanitation, and eliminating yellow fever which all in turn helped these islands grow.
5. why did many Cubans come to resent the U.S. presence on their island?
Cubans resented the US presence on their island because Americans had changed around the Cuban economy so it only benefited Americans and wealthy Cuban plantation owners.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? why or why not?
Yes, I believed the United States was imperialist at this point because they were gaining control, even if it was just partial, over all of these countries through fights and wars. Sometimes it was not their intent, though
Sunday, December 11, 2011
Sunday, December 4, 2011
The Spanish-American War
1. How was the United States connected to Cuba in the 1890s?
The United States was connected to Cuba in the 1890s because it was the largest consumer of Cuban sugar, by far. in 1890, the US removed tariffs on Cuban sugar entering the American market by lowering the price of sugar in general in the United States. A few years later, however, America fell into a depression & the US once again imposed a tariff on all sugar imported from Cuba, up to 40%. This severely impacted Cubans.
2. What were the main reasons the United States intervened in Cuba? (i.e. went to war) Which reason do you believe was most important? Explain your answer.
The United States intervened in Cuba because they were very interested in their sugar industry, and it was an island that Americans had invested 50 million dollars towards. Also, some Americans had lost their trades completely due to the rebellion, some just hoped for peace so that their investments would no longer be threatened & some felt sympathy towards the Cubans, primarily African Americans, because a great portion of the Cuban population was African as well. I believe the most important reason was to do with the economy of the United States, because some merchants' trades were dried up completely due to the rebellion. I believe this reason is the most important because it puts multiple people out of jobs, which is worse than what any of the other reasons could have caused.
3. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
African Americans were eager to serve in the Spanish-American war because many black leaders saw this as a way to possibly elevate the status of blacks in the United States. They hoped somehow that this could be a way to gain respect from the Americans and be treated a little closer to equal.
4. How did racial attitudes at the turn of the century shape American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines?
Racial attitudes at the turn of the century shaped American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico & the Philippines by making Americans lose hope for blacks & asians living in these regions as forces of progress.
5. Why did Emilio Aguinaldo feel that the United States supported his campaign for Filipino independence?
Emilio Aguinaldo felt that the United States supported his campaign for Filipino independence because he thought that US intended to liberate the Phillipines after the war & Emilio wished for the Phillipines to become a free independent nation from Spain.
6. Why do you think the Spanish-American War was called "a splendid little war" by an American diplomat at the time? Do you think we could have a "splendid little war" today? Explain your answer.
The Spanish American war was probably called a "splendid little war" by some American diplomat because the Americans won the war, so they didn't experience the loss that Spain had. I don't think that we could have a "splendid little war" today because if we had a war with any country, it would probably be a very powerful one that could actually stand a chance against us, otherwise we would just demolish the opposing country so easily that it wouldn't be a fair enough fight to call it a war in the first place.
The United States was connected to Cuba in the 1890s because it was the largest consumer of Cuban sugar, by far. in 1890, the US removed tariffs on Cuban sugar entering the American market by lowering the price of sugar in general in the United States. A few years later, however, America fell into a depression & the US once again imposed a tariff on all sugar imported from Cuba, up to 40%. This severely impacted Cubans.
2. What were the main reasons the United States intervened in Cuba? (i.e. went to war) Which reason do you believe was most important? Explain your answer.
The United States intervened in Cuba because they were very interested in their sugar industry, and it was an island that Americans had invested 50 million dollars towards. Also, some Americans had lost their trades completely due to the rebellion, some just hoped for peace so that their investments would no longer be threatened & some felt sympathy towards the Cubans, primarily African Americans, because a great portion of the Cuban population was African as well. I believe the most important reason was to do with the economy of the United States, because some merchants' trades were dried up completely due to the rebellion. I believe this reason is the most important because it puts multiple people out of jobs, which is worse than what any of the other reasons could have caused.
3. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
African Americans were eager to serve in the Spanish-American war because many black leaders saw this as a way to possibly elevate the status of blacks in the United States. They hoped somehow that this could be a way to gain respect from the Americans and be treated a little closer to equal.
4. How did racial attitudes at the turn of the century shape American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines?
Racial attitudes at the turn of the century shaped American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico & the Philippines by making Americans lose hope for blacks & asians living in these regions as forces of progress.
5. Why did Emilio Aguinaldo feel that the United States supported his campaign for Filipino independence?
Emilio Aguinaldo felt that the United States supported his campaign for Filipino independence because he thought that US intended to liberate the Phillipines after the war & Emilio wished for the Phillipines to become a free independent nation from Spain.
6. Why do you think the Spanish-American War was called "a splendid little war" by an American diplomat at the time? Do you think we could have a "splendid little war" today? Explain your answer.
The Spanish American war was probably called a "splendid little war" by some American diplomat because the Americans won the war, so they didn't experience the loss that Spain had. I don't think that we could have a "splendid little war" today because if we had a war with any country, it would probably be a very powerful one that could actually stand a chance against us, otherwise we would just demolish the opposing country so easily that it wouldn't be a fair enough fight to call it a war in the first place.
Friday, December 2, 2011
Origins of America's Global Power
1. Identify five important changes that transformed America in the nineteenth century.
A. immigration - immigration was an important change that transformed America in the nineteenth century because it increased population and recast the face of America. It also helped economic expansion. This all together diversified and helped America grow much more than it would've on it's own, with new people which in turn came new ideas.
B. urban growth - urban growth was an important factor in the nineteenth century that helped to transform America because with more people, there was a need for more space. This space came from urbanized areas called cities. With larger cities came the need for transportation, more jobs, sanitation and housing. So, the Americans had to come up with ways to satisfy these needs, with one third of their population living in urban areas. This in turn helped America as a whole advance further.
C. Trading - The change in trading was important to the transformation of America in the nineteenth century because with all of the immigrants getting new jobs, America's factories were producing more goods and services than ever before. This gave the United States a surplus of goods that they were able to trade with other countries, which in turn helped them become known as a world power, almost causing America to leave childhood into becoming all grown up. This helped other countries finally see how powerful America was becoming.
D. Frontiers helped transform america in the nineteenth century because it fueled America's economic growth due to the fact that much of America's growth was related to exploration, settlement & exploitation of the countrys land. This relates back to frontiers because in the barren land where there werent many settlers, the land was usually very cheap or free.
E.?
2. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
3. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America's national character?
The values that many Americans attached to the frontier were resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, & patriotism. Many peoples families grew up/originated on the frontier. The frontier was wide open and frequently uninhabited/unexplored land which held room for many opportunities, which is why i think that many of the Americans attached those values to their ideas of the frontier. Many Americans feared that the closing of the frontier would harm America's national character because they feared that lack of new land and new unused natural resources would harden the divisions between economic classes & spark social tensions.
4. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
Some Americans suggested greater involvement overseas because they believed that overseas expansion, specifically in the Chinese market, would fuel economic growth by creating a larger business with more customers for the surplus of all of our leftover products. Also, some people saw that other countries were beginning to acquire strong trades with China and feared that if we did not make the same connection, other competing powers would prevent America from ever accessing a Chinese market.
5. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism?
The theories of social Darwinism & scientific racism lent support to the cause of American imperialism because Darwinism was the belief that only the fittest races of human would survive & eventually people came to invent social Darwinism which was the idea that you could eventually breed out the inferior races of people to come out with one race & one type of person. This altogether lent support to the cause of American imperialism because American Imperialists were the people who wanted to conquer foreign nations & just steal the territory, rule the people, & steal all of their resources. The imperialists didnt care about the people of the region, and they didn't want them to become Americans so according to social Darwinism they could eventually over a long period of time eliminate every other race besides Americans aka white anglo saxons.
6. Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and several Latin American nations.
The United states became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, & several Latin American nations because they wanted to take these lands before anyone else did, because they gained natural resources, & they needed land to dock their ships on to safely cross the sea on long journeys to other countries/military reasons.
A. immigration - immigration was an important change that transformed America in the nineteenth century because it increased population and recast the face of America. It also helped economic expansion. This all together diversified and helped America grow much more than it would've on it's own, with new people which in turn came new ideas.
B. urban growth - urban growth was an important factor in the nineteenth century that helped to transform America because with more people, there was a need for more space. This space came from urbanized areas called cities. With larger cities came the need for transportation, more jobs, sanitation and housing. So, the Americans had to come up with ways to satisfy these needs, with one third of their population living in urban areas. This in turn helped America as a whole advance further.
C. Trading - The change in trading was important to the transformation of America in the nineteenth century because with all of the immigrants getting new jobs, America's factories were producing more goods and services than ever before. This gave the United States a surplus of goods that they were able to trade with other countries, which in turn helped them become known as a world power, almost causing America to leave childhood into becoming all grown up. This helped other countries finally see how powerful America was becoming.
D. Frontiers helped transform america in the nineteenth century because it fueled America's economic growth due to the fact that much of America's growth was related to exploration, settlement & exploitation of the countrys land. This relates back to frontiers because in the barren land where there werent many settlers, the land was usually very cheap or free.
E.?
2. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
The depression of 1893 deepened the divisions in American society by frightening workers that they'd never fully be promised a job, that they could be fired at any point in time. This caused many people to go on strike, and millions of people to lose their jobs. Alike to the workers being frightened, plant owners were also in fear that they might begin to lose profits & the farmers weren't making all that much money... they'd been in trouble since the year before.
3. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America's national character?
The values that many Americans attached to the frontier were resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, & patriotism. Many peoples families grew up/originated on the frontier. The frontier was wide open and frequently uninhabited/unexplored land which held room for many opportunities, which is why i think that many of the Americans attached those values to their ideas of the frontier. Many Americans feared that the closing of the frontier would harm America's national character because they feared that lack of new land and new unused natural resources would harden the divisions between economic classes & spark social tensions.
4. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
Some Americans suggested greater involvement overseas because they believed that overseas expansion, specifically in the Chinese market, would fuel economic growth by creating a larger business with more customers for the surplus of all of our leftover products. Also, some people saw that other countries were beginning to acquire strong trades with China and feared that if we did not make the same connection, other competing powers would prevent America from ever accessing a Chinese market.
5. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism?
The theories of social Darwinism & scientific racism lent support to the cause of American imperialism because Darwinism was the belief that only the fittest races of human would survive & eventually people came to invent social Darwinism which was the idea that you could eventually breed out the inferior races of people to come out with one race & one type of person. This altogether lent support to the cause of American imperialism because American Imperialists were the people who wanted to conquer foreign nations & just steal the territory, rule the people, & steal all of their resources. The imperialists didnt care about the people of the region, and they didn't want them to become Americans so according to social Darwinism they could eventually over a long period of time eliminate every other race besides Americans aka white anglo saxons.
6. Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and several Latin American nations.
The United states became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, & several Latin American nations because they wanted to take these lands before anyone else did, because they gained natural resources, & they needed land to dock their ships on to safely cross the sea on long journeys to other countries/military reasons.
Wednesday, November 16, 2011
The Jungle - Exposing the Meatpacking Industry
1. In your opinion, which specific details in this excerpt most convincingly highlight problems in the meatpacking industry in the early 1900s? Why? Use specific passages and quote. Analyze at least five details.
A. Cleanliness of the meat industry - it goes on for a whole paragraph talking about all of the gross things that happened to the meat that went into sausages.
B. The smell of meat - in the passage it talks about how sometimes the smell of some of these meats was so horrible that no man could stand to be in a room with the can of it. They solved this problem by altering it chemically and changing the scent.
C. Lack of inspection - it said that the person who inspected the hogs would miss about a dozen pigs at a time just talking to people, telling them what he did and why it was important. Of those dozen he missed, one of them could have contained tuberculosis.
D. The presentation of the meat - If people saw the meat in it's condition before it was chemically altered, people would have freaked out because the meat was from all sorts of different places and wasn't 100% meat. They solved this problem by figuring out how to change the color of everything so it was all brown, and in turn resembled meat so that no one would know the difference.
E. The meat - The meat itself was a problem because it would go bad, so they figured out ways on how to fix this debacle. They would pickle the meat, and freeze it, and make it into sausages. Meat "never" went bad after scientists figured out these "genius" solutions.
2. What is the overall tone of the story?
The overall tone of this story is very serious and very informative.
3. Based on your reading of this excerpt, why do you think Sinclair titled his novel The Jungle?
I think Sinclair titled this novel "The Jungle" because the meat industry itself was very complex... like a jungle. It's a metaphor describing his thoughts on this line of work/business.
Sunday, November 6, 2011
Challenges of Urbanization
The People: why were the three groups below drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest?
1. Immigrants - Immigrants were drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest because cities were the cheapest and most convenient places to live. They also offered great opportunities for steady jobs for unskilled workers in factories and mills.
2. Farmers -
3. African-Americans - African Americans were drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest such as Chicago and Detroit in an effort to escape racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression.
4. Lack of safe and efficient transportation
In response to the problem of lack of safe and efficient transportation, there were many innovations in transit. Street cars and electric subways were introduced to the world.
5. Unsafe drinking water
To address this issue of unsafe drinking water, filtration systems and chlorination were introduced.
6. Lack of sanitation
Due to the lack of sanitation, sewage lines and sanitation departments were created. Also, private contractors (scavengers) were hired to collect garbage, sweep the streets, and clean outhouses.
7. Fire Hazards
To fix the problem of fire hazards, fire departments were invented, buildings weren't made of wood but rather with inflammable material such as brick, stone, or concrete.
1. Immigrants - Immigrants were drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest because cities were the cheapest and most convenient places to live. They also offered great opportunities for steady jobs for unskilled workers in factories and mills.
2. Farmers -
3. African-Americans - African Americans were drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest such as Chicago and Detroit in an effort to escape racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression.
The Problems: What was done in response to the following five problems?
4. Lack of safe and efficient transportation
In response to the problem of lack of safe and efficient transportation, there were many innovations in transit. Street cars and electric subways were introduced to the world.
5. Unsafe drinking water
To address this issue of unsafe drinking water, filtration systems and chlorination were introduced.
6. Lack of sanitation
Due to the lack of sanitation, sewage lines and sanitation departments were created. Also, private contractors (scavengers) were hired to collect garbage, sweep the streets, and clean outhouses.
7. Fire Hazards
To fix the problem of fire hazards, fire departments were invented, buildings weren't made of wood but rather with inflammable material such as brick, stone, or concrete.
Tuesday, November 1, 2011
Immigration
1. What major areas or countries of the world were immigrants coming from?
Immigrants were mainly coming from western & northern Europe.
2. What were the two major immigration processing stations in the United States?
Ellis Island & Angel Island were the two major immigration processing stations in the United States.
3. Define Melting Pot.
The term "Melting Pot" was used to describe the United States, because it was meant in the sense that the United States was a mixture of people of many different races and cultures who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs and taking up American ways.
4. Define Nativism.
Nativism is overt favoritism towards native-born Americans.
5. According to the Immigration Restriction League, list the desirable immigrants.
Anglo-Saxons... British, German, Scandinavian, historically free, energetic & progressive.
6. According to the Immigration Restriction League, list the “wrong” immigrants.
Slavic, Latin, Asiatic, historically down-trodden & stagnant.
7. Why did nativists’ sometimes object to an immigrant’s religious background?
Nativists sometimes objected to an immigrant's religious background because many nativists were protestant and thought that the Roman Catholic & Jew immigrants would undermine the democratic institutions established by the country's protestant founders.
8. Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act passed?
The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed because many nativists were afraid that their jobs would be taken by the Chinese immigrants due to the fact that they accepted lower than average wages.
Immigrants were mainly coming from western & northern Europe.
2. What were the two major immigration processing stations in the United States?
Ellis Island & Angel Island were the two major immigration processing stations in the United States.
3. Define Melting Pot.
The term "Melting Pot" was used to describe the United States, because it was meant in the sense that the United States was a mixture of people of many different races and cultures who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs and taking up American ways.
4. Define Nativism.
Nativism is overt favoritism towards native-born Americans.
5. According to the Immigration Restriction League, list the desirable immigrants.
Anglo-Saxons... British, German, Scandinavian, historically free, energetic & progressive.
6. According to the Immigration Restriction League, list the “wrong” immigrants.
Slavic, Latin, Asiatic, historically down-trodden & stagnant.
7. Why did nativists’ sometimes object to an immigrant’s religious background?
Nativists sometimes objected to an immigrant's religious background because many nativists were protestant and thought that the Roman Catholic & Jew immigrants would undermine the democratic institutions established by the country's protestant founders.
8. Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act passed?
The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed because many nativists were afraid that their jobs would be taken by the Chinese immigrants due to the fact that they accepted lower than average wages.
Sunday, October 16, 2011
Age of Railroads
1. What problems did employees of the railroad companies face?
A few problems that employees of the railroad companies faced included accidents, diseases, and attacks from native americans.
2. What was it like to live as a Pullman employee in the town of Pullman?
It was a luxury to live as a Pullman employee in the town of Pullman. You were well provided for, nearly all of your needs taken care of. You didn't have the right to drink alcohol or loiter and hang around, because of course you were living in that town for the sole reason of being a worker... however, it was well worth it.
3. Who was involved in Crédit Mobilier, and what was the purpose of this company?
Stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed Credit Mobilier and the purpose of this company was to lay tracks of railroads down at two to three times the actual cost, to pocket the profits.
4. In what ways did the railroad companies use their power to hurt farmers?
railroad companies used their power to hurt farmers by fixing prices which kept farmers in debt, charging customers different rates, often demanding more for short hauls, and misusing government land grants.
6. Why didn’t the Interstate Commerce Act immediately limit the power of the railroads?
The Interstate Commerce Act didn't immediately limit the power of the railroads because of a long legal process & resistance from the railroads.
A few problems that employees of the railroad companies faced included accidents, diseases, and attacks from native americans.
2. What was it like to live as a Pullman employee in the town of Pullman?
It was a luxury to live as a Pullman employee in the town of Pullman. You were well provided for, nearly all of your needs taken care of. You didn't have the right to drink alcohol or loiter and hang around, because of course you were living in that town for the sole reason of being a worker... however, it was well worth it.
3. Who was involved in Crédit Mobilier, and what was the purpose of this company?
Stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed Credit Mobilier and the purpose of this company was to lay tracks of railroads down at two to three times the actual cost, to pocket the profits.
4. In what ways did the railroad companies use their power to hurt farmers?
railroad companies used their power to hurt farmers by fixing prices which kept farmers in debt, charging customers different rates, often demanding more for short hauls, and misusing government land grants.
6. Why didn’t the Interstate Commerce Act immediately limit the power of the railroads?
The Interstate Commerce Act didn't immediately limit the power of the railroads because of a long legal process & resistance from the railroads.
Monday, October 10, 2011
Expansion of Industry
Factor 1: Abundant Natural Resources
A. Which resources played crucial roles in industrialization?
A. Which resources played crucial roles in industrialization?
Oil, coal, iron
B. How did Edwin L. Drake help industry to acquire larger quantities of oil?
Edwin L Drake helped industry to acquire larger quantities of oil by using a steam engine to drill. He was the first to discover that removing oil from under the earth's surface was practical.
C. How did the Bessemer process allow better use of iron ore?
The Bessemer process allowed better use of iron ore by injecting air into molten iron to remove carbon and other impurities. This was a quicker, more accurate process of using iron ore in different products so by 1880, 90% of American manufacturers were using this method to produce the nation's steel.
D. What new uses for steel were developed at this time?
D. What new uses for steel were developed at this time?
Machines, barbed wire, railroad tracks, bridges, and large buildings (skyscrapers)
Factor 2: Increasing number of Inventions
A. How did Thomas Alva Edison contribute to this development?
Factor 2: Increasing number of Inventions
A. How did Thomas Alva Edison contribute to this development?
Edison contributed to this development of increasing the number of inventions by improving upon the idea of incandescent light bulb & also created an entire system for producing & distributing electrical power.
B. How did George Westinghouse contribute to it?
B. How did George Westinghouse contribute to it?
George Westinghouse contributed to Edison's experiments by adding innovations that made electricity safer and less expensive.
C. How did Christopher Sholes contribute?
C. How did Christopher Sholes contribute?
Christopher Sholes contributed by inventing the typewriter.
D. How did Alexandar Graham Bell contribute?
Alexander Graham Bell contributed by inventing the telephone.
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Telling New Stories
1. What were the two versions of the Camp Grant attack that existed among the U.S. public, and who supported each view?
The first version of the Camp Grant attack that existed among the U.S public was that a handful of U.S settlers attacked the Apache settlement near Fort Grant at the dawn of the April 30, 1871. These U.S settlers killed about one hundred and forty four Apaches (mainly women and children) within a little over a half an hour. Before they left, these settlers also took with them about twenty nine Apache children as captives.
This was the view of the Apache.
The second version however, was that of the fort's commander, Lieutenant Whitman.
Lieutenant Whitman claimed that the attack was not a form of retribution but was a violation of the U.S Army's peace agreement with the Apache near the fort, and a slaughter of innocent women and children. President Grant thought of this as purely murder.
Who supported Version Two?
many newspapers & also president grant.
2. Why was the trial that took place after the attack significant?
the trial that took place after the attack was significant because these specific Apache were under the protection of the U.S government, and they were trying to be assimilated. The government agreed to only use violence as a last resort, so naturally when the U.S settlers were easily angered, the government was disappointed in their own country's actions.
3. Whose views were absent in the accounts of this attack that were told in the United States?
The Apaches views were absent in the accounts of this attack because no representatives of these people were present at the trial.
4. Why have Native American views been excluded from the story of U.S. expansion that is told in the United States?
The Native American views have been excluded from the story of U.S expansion that is told in the United States because people like the Anglo Americans just made their stories more popular and dominant which after a while meant that they were the only story being told in the west. Also, Americans only wanted to portray their journey with westward expansion through history books, novels, plays, and radios and movies. They ignored their mistakes, pretending as if they had never messed up in the first place and dismissing the fact that they were in the wrong in trying to change Native American culture and people. Lastly, if the views of the Native Americans are included in the story of U.S expansion that is told in the United States, usually they are portrayed as wild without customs or proper ways of living or in a negative, inaccurate manner.
5. What were the two parts of the U.S. government's assiimilation plan in the late nineteenth century?
1. the government wanted to get all the indian groups onto reservations. they wanted to accomplish this because of the sole fact that policy makers believed that concentrating indian groups on these lands would help the second part of their plan.
2. erase indian cultures to replace them with american culture.
6. Give two examples of how U.S. policy makers forced Indian groups to give up their cultures?
1. indian groups were banned from practicing their religions and cultural ceremonies.
2. indian children were taken from their homes and sent to boarding schools where school officals would cut their hair short and change their names. lastly, they forced them to speak english.
7. What effect did the railroad have on U.S. settlement of the West?
The railroad helped the population of the U.S settlement in the West grow because more supplies were faster shipped to the west with the transcontinental railraod, which in turn could provide for more and more people.
8. How did westward expansion fuel U.S. industrialization?
Helped transport many goods to and from the west and east in a lesser time.
The first version of the Camp Grant attack that existed among the U.S public was that a handful of U.S settlers attacked the Apache settlement near Fort Grant at the dawn of the April 30, 1871. These U.S settlers killed about one hundred and forty four Apaches (mainly women and children) within a little over a half an hour. Before they left, these settlers also took with them about twenty nine Apache children as captives.
This was the view of the Apache.
The second version however, was that of the fort's commander, Lieutenant Whitman.
Lieutenant Whitman claimed that the attack was not a form of retribution but was a violation of the U.S Army's peace agreement with the Apache near the fort, and a slaughter of innocent women and children. President Grant thought of this as purely murder.
Who supported Version Two?
many newspapers & also president grant.
2. Why was the trial that took place after the attack significant?
the trial that took place after the attack was significant because these specific Apache were under the protection of the U.S government, and they were trying to be assimilated. The government agreed to only use violence as a last resort, so naturally when the U.S settlers were easily angered, the government was disappointed in their own country's actions.
3. Whose views were absent in the accounts of this attack that were told in the United States?
The Apaches views were absent in the accounts of this attack because no representatives of these people were present at the trial.
4. Why have Native American views been excluded from the story of U.S. expansion that is told in the United States?
The Native American views have been excluded from the story of U.S expansion that is told in the United States because people like the Anglo Americans just made their stories more popular and dominant which after a while meant that they were the only story being told in the west. Also, Americans only wanted to portray their journey with westward expansion through history books, novels, plays, and radios and movies. They ignored their mistakes, pretending as if they had never messed up in the first place and dismissing the fact that they were in the wrong in trying to change Native American culture and people. Lastly, if the views of the Native Americans are included in the story of U.S expansion that is told in the United States, usually they are portrayed as wild without customs or proper ways of living or in a negative, inaccurate manner.
5. What were the two parts of the U.S. government's assiimilation plan in the late nineteenth century?
1. the government wanted to get all the indian groups onto reservations. they wanted to accomplish this because of the sole fact that policy makers believed that concentrating indian groups on these lands would help the second part of their plan.
2. erase indian cultures to replace them with american culture.
6. Give two examples of how U.S. policy makers forced Indian groups to give up their cultures?
1. indian groups were banned from practicing their religions and cultural ceremonies.
2. indian children were taken from their homes and sent to boarding schools where school officals would cut their hair short and change their names. lastly, they forced them to speak english.
7. What effect did the railroad have on U.S. settlement of the West?
The railroad helped the population of the U.S settlement in the West grow because more supplies were faster shipped to the west with the transcontinental railraod, which in turn could provide for more and more people.
8. How did westward expansion fuel U.S. industrialization?
Helped transport many goods to and from the west and east in a lesser time.
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Experiencing U.S. Expansion: Southern Arizona
1. What were the two broad groupings of Native Americans in southern Arizona when the Spanish arrived?
Broad Group 1 Name for Self: O'odham Spanish Name(s): Pima
Broad Group 2 Name for self: Nnee Spanish Name(s): Apache
2. How did the O’odham show their unwillingness to fully embrace the Spanish missions?
The O'odham showed their unwillingness to fully embrace the Spanish missions by a few of the tribe withdrawing themselves to the desert. These few members came back only when they were in need or on the course of their yearly migration.
3. Why did Apache groups raid Spanish settlements?
The Apache groups raided Spanish settlements because they needed supplies. They were not close to the Spanish, so they did not communicate. This led to the Apache needing new goods food and animals, which the Spanish had. The Apache eventually began to raid and steal from the Spanish. The Spanish were a good source of supplies for the Apache.
5. How did Spanish and Apache views of the peace created by the establicimientos de paz differ?
The Spanish's views of peace created by the establicimientos de paz was that they believed they were in a period of peace. The Apache however believed that the peace was between the local bands and communities. the peace was maintained through obligation: the Spanish provided gifts of rations and the apache in turn provided military assistance.
Broad Group 1 Name for Self: O'odham Spanish Name(s): Pima
Broad Group 2 Name for self: Nnee Spanish Name(s): Apache
2. How did the O’odham show their unwillingness to fully embrace the Spanish missions?
The O'odham showed their unwillingness to fully embrace the Spanish missions by a few of the tribe withdrawing themselves to the desert. These few members came back only when they were in need or on the course of their yearly migration.
3. Why did Apache groups raid Spanish settlements?
The Apache groups raided Spanish settlements because they needed supplies. They were not close to the Spanish, so they did not communicate. This led to the Apache needing new goods food and animals, which the Spanish had. The Apache eventually began to raid and steal from the Spanish. The Spanish were a good source of supplies for the Apache.
5. How did Spanish and Apache views of the peace created by the establicimientos de paz differ?
The Spanish's views of peace created by the establicimientos de paz was that they believed they were in a period of peace. The Apache however believed that the peace was between the local bands and communities. the peace was maintained through obligation: the Spanish provided gifts of rations and the apache in turn provided military assistance.
Sunday, September 18, 2011
Title: New Settlers in the West
List three reasons why people in the United States moved west:
1. there was rich, fertile land for farming. great forests full of timber, and a wealth of mineral resources to be discovered. this land was better for farming than the land on the east side of the country, and would have supplied them with everything they needed. logically, it was better for them to be in the west.
2. they needed more space because of their large economic growth. if they moved west, they'd be able to build new colonies with all of their people.
3. it was a great opportunity. this gave a lot of people freedom. freedom to do things like give women the right to vote eventually, provided some rights for free african americans, and gave some religious groups the freedom to practice their beliefs without being punished.
2. How did westward expansion contribute to sectional tensions in the United States?
the westward expansion contributed to sectional tensions in the united states, because the different sections of the united states lived in different ways. for example, in the article it says that the north's industry was based on small farms, transportation, and trade, whereas the south's main industries were based on large farms and factories in which the slaves would be forced to work, because they were very cheap labor. this was a huge disagreement for the north and the south because they couldnt seem to agree, the way the two sections lived was too different to change.
3. What was the Peace Policy?
the peace policy was created to have the government set certain sections of land aside to make reservations for the native americans and have them all live there. this policy however was not entirely peaceful because if an indian was not living on a certain one of these reservations, he or she would be considered to be hostile which is when a us army battalion was dispatched to meet this threat.
1. there was rich, fertile land for farming. great forests full of timber, and a wealth of mineral resources to be discovered. this land was better for farming than the land on the east side of the country, and would have supplied them with everything they needed. logically, it was better for them to be in the west.
2. they needed more space because of their large economic growth. if they moved west, they'd be able to build new colonies with all of their people.
3. it was a great opportunity. this gave a lot of people freedom. freedom to do things like give women the right to vote eventually, provided some rights for free african americans, and gave some religious groups the freedom to practice their beliefs without being punished.
2. How did westward expansion contribute to sectional tensions in the United States?
the westward expansion contributed to sectional tensions in the united states, because the different sections of the united states lived in different ways. for example, in the article it says that the north's industry was based on small farms, transportation, and trade, whereas the south's main industries were based on large farms and factories in which the slaves would be forced to work, because they were very cheap labor. this was a huge disagreement for the north and the south because they couldnt seem to agree, the way the two sections lived was too different to change.
3. What was the Peace Policy?
the peace policy was created to have the government set certain sections of land aside to make reservations for the native americans and have them all live there. this policy however was not entirely peaceful because if an indian was not living on a certain one of these reservations, he or she would be considered to be hostile which is when a us army battalion was dispatched to meet this threat.
Thursday, September 15, 2011
Indian Removal Act
Why did the United States fight or negotiate with dozens of Indian groups for the lands in the Louisiana Territory?
The United States fought/negotiated with dozens of Indian groups for the lands in the Louisiana Territory because the US demand for land was strong. The Americans needed more space with all of the people that they had. They tried to civilize the Native Americans but it just didn't work out, and they mostly just got in the way. It was much easier to just negotiate with them for their lands. Unfortunately, most of the tribes were not okay with the circumstances of this negotiation. These tribes in the end were given an ultimatum to move willingly with compensation or be forced out of their homes. This is when the United States started fighting with the Indians rather than continuing on negotiating with them.
2. In what ways did the Cherokees assimilate U.S. values and customs?
The Cherokees assimilated U.S values and customs in many ways. First off, they created a republic modeled on the government of the Americans. They did this because they saw how successful it was with all of the powerful Americans around them, and decided to try it for themselves. Next, the farmers of this tribe began to grow cotton. Some even used slaves in their plantations just like the whites, another assimilation from the Americans. Lastly, they adopted a written constitution in 1827 declaring itself an independent nation, similar to the United States' constitution.
The United States fought/negotiated with dozens of Indian groups for the lands in the Louisiana Territory because the US demand for land was strong. The Americans needed more space with all of the people that they had. They tried to civilize the Native Americans but it just didn't work out, and they mostly just got in the way. It was much easier to just negotiate with them for their lands. Unfortunately, most of the tribes were not okay with the circumstances of this negotiation. These tribes in the end were given an ultimatum to move willingly with compensation or be forced out of their homes. This is when the United States started fighting with the Indians rather than continuing on negotiating with them.
2. In what ways did the Cherokees assimilate U.S. values and customs?
The Cherokees assimilated U.S values and customs in many ways. First off, they created a republic modeled on the government of the Americans. They did this because they saw how successful it was with all of the powerful Americans around them, and decided to try it for themselves. Next, the farmers of this tribe began to grow cotton. Some even used slaves in their plantations just like the whites, another assimilation from the Americans. Lastly, they adopted a written constitution in 1827 declaring itself an independent nation, similar to the United States' constitution.
Monday, September 12, 2011
Myths as Historical Sources
1. Summarize this legend in 2 - 3 sentences.
This legend is basically that there were these two Indian tribes, the Pawnees and the Kiowas. The leader of the Kiowas was Saynday, and one day Saynday was thinking of leaving his people because of the lack of life on his lands, and also in the future all he saw was death and being caged in and wanted to abandon everyone. As he was leaving for his new life however he met Small pox, who said he was coming to kill the Kiowas. Saynday told him instead he should go for the Kiowas enemies, the Pawnees because the Pawnees had left few Kiowas left so if Smallpox went after the Pawnees there would be more people to kill, which pleased him, and he left the Kiowas to kill the Pawnees instead accidentally telling Saynday the only thing he's afraid of is fire just before he left.
2. What changes does Saynday notice when he looks at the landscape?
He notices that "the world has changed". In the Legend, it says "Where the buffalo heards used to graze he saw white-faced cattle. The Washita river, which one ran bankful with clear water, was soggy with red mud. There were no deer or antelope in the brush or skittering across the high plains. No white tipis rose proudly against the blue sky; settlers' soddies dented the hillsides and the creek banks." Basically, the land is just unappealing to him now.
3. What is the relationship between Smallpox and white men?
Smallpox tells Saynday that the relationship between him and the white men was very nice. He says he is one with their people like Saynday is one with the Kiowas. He calls himself their companion, which is pretty ironic since he's probably the last companion they'd ever want.
4. According to this legend, in what ways do the Kiowas see themselves as different from white people?
According to this legend, the Kiowas see themselves as different from white people because they see the white people as powerful and ignorant like most native americans at the time. I can tell, because Saynday talks about how he sees the Kiowas in the future being fenced in like white mens cattle, without the ability to break the fences in fear that the barbed wire will tear their flesh.
Also, the white men always count all the cattle sheep chickens children living and dead and the Kiowas count only the enemies they touch. Saynday makes this seem more humane than the whites because he goes on to say, "men are not cattle, anymore than women and children are."
5. What do you think was the relationship between the Kiowas and the Pawnees?
The relationship between the Kiowas and the Pawnees definitely isn't a positive one. In the legend, Saynday mentions the Pawnees a few times to Smallpox, trying to persuade him to attack their village instead of his. You can tell the Kiowas and the Pawnees are enemies because they've fought eachother. Saynday states in the story that the Pawnees left the Kiowas with few people alive, alluding to the fact that they did in fact fight.
This legend is basically that there were these two Indian tribes, the Pawnees and the Kiowas. The leader of the Kiowas was Saynday, and one day Saynday was thinking of leaving his people because of the lack of life on his lands, and also in the future all he saw was death and being caged in and wanted to abandon everyone. As he was leaving for his new life however he met Small pox, who said he was coming to kill the Kiowas. Saynday told him instead he should go for the Kiowas enemies, the Pawnees because the Pawnees had left few Kiowas left so if Smallpox went after the Pawnees there would be more people to kill, which pleased him, and he left the Kiowas to kill the Pawnees instead accidentally telling Saynday the only thing he's afraid of is fire just before he left.
2. What changes does Saynday notice when he looks at the landscape?
He notices that "the world has changed". In the Legend, it says "Where the buffalo heards used to graze he saw white-faced cattle. The Washita river, which one ran bankful with clear water, was soggy with red mud. There were no deer or antelope in the brush or skittering across the high plains. No white tipis rose proudly against the blue sky; settlers' soddies dented the hillsides and the creek banks." Basically, the land is just unappealing to him now.
3. What is the relationship between Smallpox and white men?
Smallpox tells Saynday that the relationship between him and the white men was very nice. He says he is one with their people like Saynday is one with the Kiowas. He calls himself their companion, which is pretty ironic since he's probably the last companion they'd ever want.
4. According to this legend, in what ways do the Kiowas see themselves as different from white people?
According to this legend, the Kiowas see themselves as different from white people because they see the white people as powerful and ignorant like most native americans at the time. I can tell, because Saynday talks about how he sees the Kiowas in the future being fenced in like white mens cattle, without the ability to break the fences in fear that the barbed wire will tear their flesh.
Also, the white men always count all the cattle sheep chickens children living and dead and the Kiowas count only the enemies they touch. Saynday makes this seem more humane than the whites because he goes on to say, "men are not cattle, anymore than women and children are."
5. What do you think was the relationship between the Kiowas and the Pawnees?
The relationship between the Kiowas and the Pawnees definitely isn't a positive one. In the legend, Saynday mentions the Pawnees a few times to Smallpox, trying to persuade him to attack their village instead of his. You can tell the Kiowas and the Pawnees are enemies because they've fought eachother. Saynday states in the story that the Pawnees left the Kiowas with few people alive, alluding to the fact that they did in fact fight.
Monday, September 5, 2011
Origins and Evolution of Terrorism
1. Why was the hostage crisis at the Munich Olympics a turning point in terrorism?
The hostage crisis at the Munich Olympics in 1972 was such a turning point in terrorism because this horrifying act of terrorism was unlike any other before, and other terrorists learned from this. They learned that you could get your message across far more bold if you were striking at important symbols, in example the olympics... one of the largest sports competitions in the world.
2. The reading says that state-sponsored terrorism increased after the U.S. hostage crisis in Iran. What did many governments learn from that event?
Many governments realized that supporting terrorist groups provided an effective way for weaker states to strike at more powerful states.
3. The past fifteen years have seen a sharp rise in religious terrorism. What motivates these terrorists?
What motivates most of these religious terrorists is the belief that something has gone terribly wrong with the world in relation to social, political, cultural, and spiritual issues.
The hostage crisis at the Munich Olympics in 1972 was such a turning point in terrorism because this horrifying act of terrorism was unlike any other before, and other terrorists learned from this. They learned that you could get your message across far more bold if you were striking at important symbols, in example the olympics... one of the largest sports competitions in the world.
2. The reading says that state-sponsored terrorism increased after the U.S. hostage crisis in Iran. What did many governments learn from that event?
Many governments realized that supporting terrorist groups provided an effective way for weaker states to strike at more powerful states.
3. The past fifteen years have seen a sharp rise in religious terrorism. What motivates these terrorists?
What motivates most of these religious terrorists is the belief that something has gone terribly wrong with the world in relation to social, political, cultural, and spiritual issues.
4. How have these new terrorists changed the way terrorism is carried out?
These new terrorists have changed the way terrorism is carried out today by becoming more violent and wishing to kill/harm more people.
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